Cross-hole electrical imaging of a controlled saline tracer injection

Electrical imaging of tracer tests can provide valuable information on the spatial variability of solute transport processes. This concept was investigated by cross-borehole electrical imaging of a controlled release in an experimental tank. A saline Ž 3 . Ž . tracer conductivity 8=10 msrm volume 270 l was injected into a tank facility dimensions 10=10=3 m consisting of alternating sand and clay layers. Injection was from 0.3 m below the surface, at a point where maximum interaction between tank structure and tracer transport was expected. Repeated imaging over a two-week period detected non-uniform tracer transport, partly caused by the sandrclay sequence. Tracer accumulation on two clay layers was observed and density-driven spill of tracer over a clay shelf was imaged. An additional unexpected flow pathway, probably caused by complications during array installation, was identified close to an electrode array. Pore water samples obtained following termination of electrical imaging generally supported the observed electrical response, although discrepancies arose when analysing the response of individual pixels. The pixels that make up the electrical images were interpreted as a large number of breakthrough curves. The shape of the pixel breakthrough-recession curve allowed some quantitative interpretation of solute travel time, as well as a qualitative assessment of spatial variability in advective-dispersive transport characteristics across the image plane. Although surface conduction effects associated with the clay layers complicated interpretation, the plotting of pixel breakthroughs was considered a useful step in the hydrological interpretation of the tracer test. The spatial coverage ) Corresponding author. Fax: q1-816-235-5535. Ž . Ž . Ž . E-mail addresses: [email protected] L. Slater , [email protected] A.M. Binley , [email protected] W. Daily , Ž . [email protected] R. Johnson . 1 Formerly at Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK. 2 Fax: q44-1524-593985. 3 Fax: q1-510-422-3013. 4 Fax: q1-503-748-1273. 0926-9851r00r$ see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S0926-9851 00 00002-1 ( ) L. Slater et al.rJournal of Applied Geophysics 44 2000 85–102 86 provided by the high density of pixels is the factor that most encourages the approach. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All